When the U.S. Atomic Energy Commission authorized me in 1964 to initiate the Civil Defense Project at Oak Ridge National Laboratory, one of the first researchers I recruited was Cresson H. Kearny. Most of his life has been preparation, unplanned and planned, for writing this guide to help people unfamiliar with the effects of nuclear weapons improve their chances of surviving a nuclear attack. During the past 15 years he has done an unequaled amount of practical field work on basic survival problems, without always conforming to the changing civil defense doctrine.

After I returned to my professional duties at Princeton in 1966, the civil defense effort at Oak Ridge National Laboratory was first headed by James C. Bresee, and is now headed by Conrad V. Chester. Both have wholeheartedly supported Kearny's down-to- earth research, and Chester was not only a codeveloper of several of the survival items described in this book, but also participated in the planning of the experiments testing them.

Kearny's concern with nuclear war dangers began while he was studying for his degree in civil engineering at Princeton he graduated summa cum laude in 1937. His Princeton studies had already acquainted him with the magnitude of an explosion in which nuclear energy is liberated, then only a theoretical possibility. After winning a Rhodes Scholarship, Kearny earned two degrees in geology at Oxford. Still before the outbreak of World War II, he observed the effective preparations made in England to reduce the effects of aerial attacks. He had a deep aversion to dictatorships, whether from the right or left, and during the Munich crisis he acted as a courier for an underground group helping anti-Nazis escape from Czechoslovakia.

Following graduation from Oxford, Kearny did geological exploration work in the Andes of Peru and in the jungles of Venezuela. He has traveled also in Mexico, China, and the Philippines.

A year before Pearl Harbor, realizing that the United States would soon be at war and that our jungle troops should have at least as good personal equipment, food, and individual medical supplies as do exploration geologists, he quit his job with the Standard Oil Company of Venezuela, returned to the United States, and went on active duty as an infantry reserve lieutenant. Kearny was soon assigned to Panama as the Jungle Experiment Officer of the Panama Mobile Force. In that capacity he was able to improve or invent, and then thoroughly jungle-test, much of the specialized equipment and rations used by our jungle infantrymen in World War II. For this work he was promoted to major and awarded the Legion of Merit.

To take his chances in combat, in 1944 the author volunteered for duty with the Office of Strategic Services. As a demolition specialist helping to limit the Japanese invasion then driving into the wintry mountains of southern China, he saw mass starvation and death first hand. The experiences gained in this capacity also resulted in an increased understanding of both the physical and emotional problems of people whose country is under attack.

Worry about the increasing dangers of nuclear war and America's lack of civil defense caused the author in 1961 to consult Herman Kahn, a leading nuclear strategist. Kahn, who was at that time forming a nonprofit war-research organization, the Hudson Institute, offered him work as a research analyst. Two years of civil defense research in this "think tank" made the author much more knowledgeable of survival problems.

In 1964 he joined the Oak Ridge civil defense project and since then Oak Ridge has been Kearny's base of operations, except for two years during the height of the Vietnam war. For his Vietnam work on combat equipment, and also for his contributions to preparations for improving survivability in the event of a nuclear war, he received the Army's Decoration for Distinguished Civilian Service in 1972.

This book draws extensively on Kearny's understanding of the problems of civil defense acquired as a result of his own field testing of shelters and other survival needs, and also from an intensive study of the serious civil defense preparations undertaken by other countries, including Switzerland, Sweden, the USSR, and China. He initiated and edited the Oak Ridge National Laboratory translations of Soviet civil defense handbooks and of a Chinese manual, and gained additional knowledge from these new sources. Trips to England, Europe, and Israel also expanded his information on survival measures, which contributed to the Nuclear War Survival Skills. However, the book advocates principally those do-it-yourself instructions that field tests have proved to be practical.

 

Foreword by Dr. Edward Teller	6
About the Author by Dr. Eugene P. Wigner	10
Acknowledgements	12
Introduction	14
Chapter 1 The Dangers from Nuclear Weapons: Myths and Facts	21
Chapter 2 Psychological Preparations	31
Chapter 3 Warnings and Communications	33
Chapter 4 Evacuation	40
Chapter 5 Shelter, the Greatest Need	49
Chapter 6 Ventilation and Cooling of Shelters	65
Chapter 7 Protection Against Fires and Carbon Monoxide	81
Chapter 8 Water	85
Chapter 9 Food	95
Chapter 10 Fallout Radiation Meters	119
Chapter 11 Light	127
Chapter 12 Shelter Sanitation and Preventive Medicine	130
Chapter 13 Surviving Without Doctors	136
Chapter 14 Expedient Shelter Furnishings	149
Chapter 15 Improvised Clothing and Protective Items	156
Chapter 16 Minimum Pre-Crisis Preparations	164
Chapter 17 Permanent Family Fallout Shelters for Dual Use	167
Chapter 18 Trans-Pacific Fallout	188
Appendices
A Instructions for Six Expedient Fallout Shelters	193
A.1 Door-Covered Trench Shelter	198
A.2 Pole-Covered Trench Shelter	203
A.3 Small-Pole Shelter	208
A.4 Aboveground, Door-Covered Shelter	215
A.5 Aboveground, Ridgepole Shelter	221
A.6 Above ground, Crib-Walled Shelter	228
B How to Make and Use a HomemadeShelter-Ventilating Pump, the KAP	234
C A HOMEMADE FALLOUT METER, THE K.F.M. - HOW TO MAKE AND USE IT	253
D Expedient Blast Shelters	284
E How to Make and Use a Homemade Plywood Double Action Piston Pump and Filter	300
F Means for Providing Improved Natural Ventilation and Daylight to a Shelter with an Emergency Exit	319
Selected References	323
Selected Index	326