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The Chemistry and Manufacture of Hydrogen

 

 

 

 

THE CHEMISTRY AND MANUFACTURE OF HYDROGEN $19.95
By P. Litherland

Once again Knowledge Publications has reached into the past to bring to you one of the best books ever written on Hydrogen. This is the first printing of THE CHEMISTRY AND MANUFACTURE OF HYDROGEN since 1919! It begins with chapter one dedicated to the uses, discovery and occurrences in nature of hydrogen while the second chapter focuses on the chemical properties of hydrogen. The final three chapters give in depth explanations of every way to manufacture of hydrogen via chemical methods, chemico-physical methods and physical methods. This book will definitively prove to you that some of the best hydrogen experts ever were contemporaries of your grandfathers and great grandfathers. Luckily though, thanks to the reprinting of books like this, their knowledge and expertise are not lost to us. With the republication of books like THE CHEMISTRY AND MANUFACTURE OF HYDROGEN we are realizing the most fundamental purpose for producing written records: the preservation and rediscovery of knowledge.

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 


 

CHAPTER 1: HYDROGEN-ITS USES-DISCOVERY, AND OCCURRENCE IN NATURE

CHAPTER 2: THE CHEMICAL PROPERTIES OF HYDROGEN

By means of adiabatic compression, the temperature of ignition of different mixtures of hydrogen and oxygen was determined, with results which may be seen in Fig. 1. From a study of this curve it will be noticed that the most easily ignited mixture is not one in which the proportion of hydrogen to oxygen is as two to one, as might perhaps be expected, but when the ratio is one volume of hydrogen to four of oxygen.

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

While referring to the production of chemical union between hydrogen and chlorine brought about by the influence of light, attention may be drawn to what is known as the " Draper Effect," which is best demon­strated in Fig. 2. The mixed gases, in the ratio of one volume of hydrogen to one of chlorine, are contained in a flat glass bulb A, called the insolation vessel. The lower part of the insolation vessel usually contains some water satu­rated with the ,two gases. The capillary tube BC con­tains a thread of liquid ac, to serve as an index. Under the influence of a flash of light the thread of liquid ac is pushed outwards, to return immediately to its original position. Thus, a travels to b, and immediately returns to a. With every flash of light the same phenomenon takes place.

 

CHAPTER 3: THE MANUFACTURE OF HYDROGEN: CHEMICAL METHODS

 

 

 

Description of Silicol Plant—The essentials of a silicol plant are shown in the diagram (Fig. 3). The requisite quantity of caustic soda is placed in the tank on the right and the necessary water added to it to make a 25 per cent. solution. To assist solution there is a stirrer in this tank, which, in small plants, is hand-oper­ated and in large ones power-operated. When the whole of the caustic soda has gone into solution, which it readily does as a result of the heat of solution and the stirring, the valve D is opened, allowing the whole of the soda solution to run via the pipe E into the generator. When the solution has run from the caustic soda tank into the generator the valve D is closed, then the necessary quantity of ferro-silicon is placed in the hopper on the top of the generator and the lid of the hopper closed, making a gas-tight joint. In small plants a little mineral grease is added to the generator, via the grease box.

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Fig. 7 shows a modern water gas producer, which is self-explanatory ; the fuel charging is done after every third steam blast, and the depth of the fuel kept correct by means of a gauge rod, dropped through the lid at the top of the generator. The same alternation in the direction of the steam blast is maintained, while during the air blast the products of combustion escape through the lid at the top of the generator, which is open during this stage.

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

In (Fig. 12) steam enters by the pipe A and mixes with blue water gas entering by the pipe. B, the speed of flow of each being indicated on separate gauges as shown. The mixture of steam and gas passes through the regenerator or super­heater C and flows, as indicated by the arrows, over refractory tubes, through which the hot products of the reaction are flowing in the reverse direction. The heated mixed gases flow via the pipe F into the generator and, increasing in temperature, pass through the catalytic material, where reaction takes place with the evolution of heat. They then flow as indicated by the arrows back through the regenerator, parting with their heat to the incoming mixture of blue water gas and steam.

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

CHAPTER 4: THE MANUFACTURE OF HYDROGEN: CHEMICO-PHYSICAL METHODS

 

 

 

In the Linde-Frank-Caro process the blue water gas, is compressed' to 20 atmospheres, and under pressure it is passed through water, which removes practically the whole of the carbon dioxide and sul­phuretted hydrogen. It is then passed through tubes containing caustic soda, which removes the remaining traces of carbon dioxide, sulphuretted hydrogen, and water...

In Fig. 13 the purified water gas passes down the tube A, through coils in the vessel B, which is filled with liquid carbon monoxide boiling at atmospheric pressure — 190° C.). Now, since the water gas is under pres­sure and is passing through coils cooled to its tempera­ture of liquefaction at atmospheric pressure, the bulk of it liquefies (theoretically more gas should be liquefied in the tubes than is evaporated outside them). The gas, containing a considerable amount of liquid saturated with hydrogen, passes into the vessel C, which is surrounded by liquid nitrogen boiling under reduced pressure giving a temperature of — 205° C.

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

CHAPTER 5: THE MANUFACTURE OF HYDROGEN. PHYSICAL METHODS

 

 

 

 

The Non-Conducting, Non-Porous Partition Type.— This cell, which is illustrated by the diagram (Fig. 19), consists of a metal tube A, which forms the electrode and gas outlet, and which is made of lead where an acid electrolyte is used, and of iron where an alkaline one is employed. This metal electrode is surrounded by a glass or porcelain tube perforated at the bottom.

There are four of these electrodes per cell, which are arranged as indicated in the diagram. When the current is switched on the gases are liberated on the electrodes within the glass tube ; consequently no mixing of the liberated gases can take place.

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

APPENDIX: PHYSICAL CONSTANTS

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

The relationship between volume and pressure when the latter is great has been investigated by Amagat and Witkowski, whose results are incorporated in the graph (Fig. 21), which shows the relationship between the theoretical volume of hydrogen which should be obtained on expansion to atmospheric pressure and that which is obtained from a standard hydrogen cylinder. From this it is seen that, on expansion from 2000 lb. per square inch- to atmospheric pressure, 9.2 per cent. less volume of hydrogen is obtained than is indicated by theory.

 

 


 

 

 

 

 

THE CHEMISTRY AND MANUFACTURE OF HYDROGEN $19.95
By P. Litherland

Once again Knowledge Publications has reached into the past to bring to you one of the best books ever written on Hydrogen. This is the first printing of THE CHEMISTRY AND MANUFACTURE OF HYDROGEN since 1919! It begins with chapter one dedicated to the uses, discovery and occurrences in nature of hydrogen while the second chapter focuses on the chemical properties of hydrogen. The final three chapters give in depth explanations of every way to manufacture of hydrogen via chemical methods, chemico-physical methods and physical methods. This book will definitively prove to you that some of the best hydrogen experts ever were contemporaries of your grandfathers and great grandfathers. Luckily though, thanks to the reprinting of books like this, their knowledge and expertise are not lost to us. With the republication of books like THE CHEMISTRY AND MANUFACTURE OF HYDROGEN we are realizing the most fundamental purpose for producing written records: the preservation and rediscovery of knowledge.

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

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